GRADE 12: Africa in the twentieth century

European powers from whom independence was gained expected democracy to prevail in Africa. Democracy is a system of government in which the whole adult population participates in the governmental process through elected representatives. South Africa is a democratic country because all its adult citizens are eligible to vote for representatives in the various structures of government.

In most states independence caused little change in governance, as African leaders merely stepped into the positions previously held by colonial representatives. Constitutions often copied the systems of the coloniser. The masses, however expected their lives to be transformed for the better at the end of colonisation. They felt betrayed and disappointed when this did not happen. Their frustration often exploded into revolt. Some governments invested in development programmes, especially in education, but without opportunities to use this, African people often became even more dissatisfied.

With increasing opposition, many African leaders preferred to delay elections. This led to a breakdown in democracy and the introduction of one-party states that became less willing to allow opposition. This clinging to power created the climate for military coups and civil wars.

Learning outcome: Learners will be expected to demonstrate an ability to work independently, formulating enquiry questions and gathering, analysing, interpreting and evaluating relevant evidence to answer questions.

Activity 9

GRADE LEVEL	THEME	TOPIC	DURATION
12	WORLD HISTORY	AFRICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY	x LESSONS